The Cow - 2:83
We took a promise from the Children of Israel: You shall serve none but Allah, and you shall do good to parents and relatives and orphans and the poor. You shall speak to people in friendship. You will observe the prayer and pay the zakat. But after that you turned away, except a few of you.
Related to the Israelites breaking their covenant:
The Women/4:154
"We raised Mount Sinai above them, and We said to them, "Enter humbly through the gate."We said to them, "Do not transgress the prohibition of Saturday"; and We took from them a firm promise."
The Women/4:155
"Allah sealed their understanding because of their breaking their word, because they disbelieved in the signs and proofs of Allah, because they killed the prophets unjustly, and because they said: "We are fixed-minded", yes, because of their disbelief. Therefore few of them believe."